Increased overall brain activation after long SKY. It is clearly observed from Figure 3 that after SKY, coherence between the right and left hemispheres increased. SKY showed the pattern of balancing the activity between the right and left cerebral hemispheres in all the five frequency bands. The balancing state effect of SKY was observed from the Asymmetry Index. It has been observed that Asymmetry Index values which were higher than 0 at baseline decreased after SKY and values lower than 0 at baseline increased after SKY significantly and tended toward 0. Zero value or middle point of the scale of Asymmetry Index represents symmetrical activity, coherence, and connectivity between the right and left hemispheres. This approach results in an unidimensional scale representing the relative activity of the right and left hemispheres. To observe an expression of balance between right® and left (L) cerebral hemispheres, Asymmetry Index was calculated by subtracting the natural log of left hemisphere power from the natural log of right hemisphere power (ln − ln), for all the five frequency bands.
These 18 locations were further averaged across different regions: left frontal (FP1, F7, F3, and FZ), right frontal (FP2, F8, F4, and FZ), left temporal (T3 and T5), right temporal (T4 and T6), occipital (O1 and O2), parietal (P3, P4, and PZ), and central (C3 and C4) regions. In total, we had the spectral power of five frequency bands at the 18 locations, before and after SKY. CZ has been omitted due to high noise in the signal. The data for each given band were averaged across the range. Log of the spectral power was taken to normalize the spectral power. The artifact-free signal was used to calculate spectral power (uV2) using Multi-taper Fast Fourier Transform (Chronux toolbox) band passed at 1 and 60 Hz. Mono-polar montage of channels was utilized followed by re-referencing using the average of all channels. MATLAB 2016b (The Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA, 2016) was used for analysis along with freely available toolboxes. The present study investigates and explores state changes in neuronal oscillations in multiple frequency bands immediately after the conclusion of long SKY practice.ĭata were screened visually to remove mechanical and motion artifacts, and nonoverlapping 40 epochs of 4 s each were selected from 5-min EEG each, before, and after SKY. Previous electrophysiological studies on SKY till date have been performed on the shorter version (short Sudarshan Kriya) which is recommended as a daily practice instead of the long Sudarshan Kriya which is advised to be done once a week. Earlier electroencephalogram (EEG) studies have shown that SKY induces a state of wakeful alertness, and SKY followed by Sahaj Samadhi meditation exhibits larger mismatch negativity amplitudes suggestive of enhanced preattentive perceptual process, enabling better change detection in auditory sensory memory and enhanced theta band activity as well as increased theta coherence during deep meditation. At molecular level, SKY has rapid effects on gene expression profile in circulating immune cells and may exert effects on immunity, aging, cell death, and stress regulation through transcriptional regulation.Įffect of SKY on brain rhythms has not been studied adequately so far. Physiological and psychological studies have indicated that SKY reduces anxiety and stress leads to decline in blood lactate and increase in antioxidant levels and natural killer cells improves autonomic balance reduces posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and leads to better sleep and increased enthusiasm, in addition to providing antidepressive efficacy. Sudarshan Kriya, a rhythmic breathing technique, is a form of yoga (hereby mentioned as Sudarshan Kriya Yoga ) and is introduced through workshops conducted by the Art of Living (AOL) foundation. Yogic practices with conscious and controlled variation in breathing frequency, resistance, pauses, and nostril dominance are found to increase electrical power in multifrequency bands and are known to enhance interhemispheric brain wave synchronization, which subsequently improves neurocognitive abilities and emotional states in a positive way. This link is further established by recent studies in animals as well as in humans. The link between breathing cycle and brain activity was revealed by Adrian in hedgehog in 1942. Respiratory rhythms modulate neural oscillatory patterns throughout the brain and organize neuronal activity. Respiration entrains the electrical activity of the brain.
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